Gustaf Kossinna [1858-1931] - Mapping the Nazis Empire

Gustaf Kossinna [1858-1931] - Mapping the Nazis' Empire Gustaf Kossinna [1858-1931] (sometimes spelled Gustav) was a German archaeologist and ethnohistorian who is widely perceived as having been a tool of the archaeology groupie and Nazi Heinrich Himmler, although Kossinna died during Hitlers rise to power. But thats not the whole story. Educated as a philologist and linguist at the University of Berlin, Kossinna was a late convert to prehistory and an ardent supporter and promoter of the Kulturkreise movement- the explicit definition of cultural history for a given area. He was also a proponent for Nordische Gedanke (Nordic Thought), which could be crudely summarized as real Germans are descended from the pure, original Nordic race and culture, a chosen race who must fulfill their historical destiny; no one else should be allowed in. Becoming an Archaeologist According to a recent (2002) biography by Heinz Grà ¼nert, Kossinna was interested in ancient Germans throughout his career, although he started out as a philologist and historian. His principal teacher was Karl Mullenhoff, a professor of German philology specializing in Germanic Prehistory at the University of Berlin. In 1894 at the age of 36, Kossinna made the decision to switch to prehistoric archaeology, introducing himself to the field by giving a lecture on the history of archaeology at a conference in Kassel in 1895, which actually didnt go very well. Kossinna believed that there were only four legitimate fields of study in archaeology: the  history of the Germanic tribes, the  origin of the Germanic peoples and the mythical Indo-Germanic homeland, archaeological verification of the philological division into east and west Germanic groups, and distinguishing between ​Germanic and Celtic tribes. By the start of the Nazi regime, that narrowing of the field had become a reality. Ethnicity and Archaeology Wedded to the Kulturkreis theory, which identified geographical regions with specific ethnic groups on the basis of material culture, Kossinnas philosophical bent lent theoretical support to the expansionist policies of Nazi Germany. Kossinna built an unarguably immense knowledge of archaeological material, in part by painstakingly documenting prehistoric artifacts in museums in several European countries. His most famous work was 1921s German Prehistory: A Pre-Eminently National Discipline. His most infamous work was a pamphlet published at the end of World War I, right after the new state of Poland was carved out of the German Ostmark. In it, Kossinna argued that Pomeranian face-urns found in Polish sites around the Vistula river were a Germanic ethnic tradition, and so Poland rightfully belonged to Germany. The Cinderella Effect Some scholars attribute the willingness of scholars like Kossinna to abandon all other archaeologies under the Nazi regime except for German prehistory to the Cinderella effect. Before the war, prehistoric archaeology suffered in comparison to classical studies: there was a general lack of funds, inadequate museum space, and an absence of academic chairs dedicated to German prehistory. During the Third Reich, high governmental officials in the Nazi party offered their gratifying attention, but also eight new chairs in German prehistory, unprecedented funding opportunities, and new institutes and museums. In addition, the Nazis funded open air museums dedicated to German studies, produced archaeological film series, and actively recruited amateur organizations using a call to patriotism. But thats not what drove Kossinna: he died before all of that came true. Kossinna began reading, writing, and speaking about Germanic racist nationalist theories in the 1890s, and he became an avid supporter of racist nationalism at the end of World War I. By the late 1920s, Kossinna made a  connection with Alfred Rosenberg, who would become minister of culture in the Nazi Government. The upshot of Kossinnas work was a blossoming of emphasis on the prehistory of the Germanic peoples. Any archaeologist who did not study the prehistory of the Germanic people was derided; by the 1930s, the main society devoted to Roman provincial archaeology in Germany was considered anti-German, and its members came under attack. Archaeologists who did not conform to the Nazi idea of proper archaeology saw their careers ruined, and many were ejected from the country. It could have been worse: Mussolini killed hundreds of archaeologists who didnt obey his dictates about what to study. The Nazi ideology Kossinna equated ceramic traditions and ethnicity  since he believed that pottery was most often the result of indigenous cultural developments rather than trade. Using the tenets of settlement archaeology- Kossinna was a pioneer in such studies- he drew maps showing the supposed cultural boundaries of the Nordic/Germanic culture, which extended over nearly all Europe, based on textual and toponymic evidence. In this manner, Kossinna was instrumental in creating the ethno-topography which became the Nazi map of Europe. There was not uniformity among the high priests of Nazism, however: Hitler mocked Himmler for focusing on the mud huts of the Germanic people; and while party prehistorians like Reinerth distorted the facts, the SS destroyed sites like Biskupin in Poland. As Hitler put it, all we prove by that is that we were still throwing stone hatchets and crouching around open fires when Greece and Rome had already reached the highest stage of culture. Political Systems and Archaeology As archaeologist Bettina Arnold has pointed out, political systems are expedient when it comes to their support of research that presents the past to the public: their interest is usually in a usable past. She adds that abuse of the past for political purposes in the present is not restricted to obviously totalitarian regimes like Nazi Germany. To that I would add: political systems are expedient when it comes to their support of any science: their interest is usually in a science that says what the politicians want to hear and not when it doesnt do that. Sources Arnold B. 1990. The past as propaganda: totalitarian archaeology in Nazi Germany. Antiquity 64(244):464-478.Arnold B. 1998. The power of the past: Nationalism and archaeology in 20th century Germany. Archaeologia Polona 35-36:237-253.Arnold B. 2006. ‘Arierdmmerung’: race and archaeology in Nazi Germany. World Archaeology 38: Race, Racism and Archaeology (1):8-31.Boudou E. 2005. Kossinna meets the Nordic Archaeologists. Current Swedish Archaeology 13(121-139).Cornell P, Borelius U, Kresa D, and Backlund T. 2007-2008. Kossinna, the Nordische Gedanke, and Swedish Archaeology. Current Swedish Archaeology 15-16:37-59.Curta F. 2007. Some remarks on ethnicity in medieval archaeology. Early Medieval Europe 15(2):159-185.Fehr H. 2002. Review of Gustaf Kossinna (1858–1931), Vom Germanisten zum Prhistoriker, Ein Wissenschaftler im Kaiserreich und in der Weimarer Republik, by Heinz Grà ¼nert. Bulletin of the History of Archaeology 14(1):27-30.Mees B. 2000. Và ¶lkische Altno rdistik: The Politics of Nordic Studies in the German-Speaking Countries, 1926-45. Old Norse Myths, Literature and Society: 11th International Saga Conference 2–7 July 2000, University of Sydney: Centre for Medieval Studies, University of Sydney Sydney. p 316-326. Rebay-Salisbury KC. 2011. Thoughts in Circles: Kulturkreislehre as a Hidden Paradigm in Past and Present Archaeological Interpretations. In: Roberts BW, and Vander Linden M, editors. Investigating Archaeological Cultures: Material Culture, Variability, and Transmission. New York, NY: Springer New York. p 41-59.

The Connection between Management and Leadership Essay

The Connection between Management and Leadership - Essay Example The researcher states that being a leader is easy. Gaining followers is the easiest part of being a leader, but it is still tough for most people. Leading one’s followers is a different prospect though; it demands the maximum one can offer. A well-structured organization should have a pool of leaders and managers in order to be successful. In fact, what they actually need is a few first-class leaders and many brilliant managers. This shows the connection between management and leadership. It is far more difficult to be a leader than a manager. One can go to school and become an excellent manager, but there is no guarantee that reading motivational books and attending workshops can make one a leader. Managers are the persons tasked with the job of management (planning, budgeting, staffing, organizing, controlling and problem-solving). On the other hand, leaders create a path, guide people, inspire, and motivate. In this regard, it is easy to see that leaders interact with peopl e much more than managers do. A leader usually has to go out there and put his skills to the test because the followers always want to see them. On the other hand, a manager can perform his duties in absentia and still achieve a decent degree of success. A manager can sit in his office the whole day and employees will still recognize that he is around. This is possible but difficult in leadership. A leader has the heart, drive, and creativity while a manager has the determination, the logic and the mind. A leader is inspiring, innovative, courageous, flexible and independent, while a manager is analytical, authoritative, direct, consulting and stabilizing. Management and leadership play an important role in service delivery in organizations. Although they are similar in many aspects, they may involve different types of behaviors, skills, and perspectives.

The Awful Rowing Toward God Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Awful Rowing Toward God - Assignment Example It seems something that causes ruin, injury or pain would be pretty clear-cut, but what if it is to destroy a cruel dictatorship, to cause injury as a means of repairing an internal injury or to create pain as a means of setting a broken bone? In many ways, evil must be considered to be a changing concept depending on the dominant cultural beliefs at a given time and considered along with the greater context of events. By looking at some relatively recent depictions of evil in today's culture, it is possible to see that evil is usually considered to be an outside force characterized by its creation of unearned pain and destruction.  It seems something that causes ruin, injury or pain would be pretty clear-cut, but what if it is to destroy a cruel dictatorship, to cause injury as a means of repairing an internal injury or to create pain as a means of setting a broken bone? In many ways, evil must be considered to be a changing concept depending on the dominant cultural beliefs at a given time and considered along with the greater context of events. By looking at some relatively recent depictions of evil in today's culture, it is possible to see that evil is usually considered to be an outside force characterized by its creation of unearned pain and destruction.   In the novel The Shining, for example, evil is a bodiless force that is confined for some reason within the area of a remote Colorado resort called Overlook. Within the novel, there is no clear sense of where the evil comes from or why it is attached to that particular location, only that it has likely been in place since the hotel's beginning. There are several instances where people who have died at the hotel are mentioned somewhat offhandedly as if it is too regular to make anyone upset. The Torrence's arrival at the hotel is marked by an angry woman speaking about the time her second husband died out on the roque court (Ch. 9) and they continue to hear about other deaths, increasingly more viole nt in nature, as the book continues. Even early in the story, some of these deaths seem odd, such as the death of the hotel's first owner, working as a caretaker after he'd lost his fortune. "He plugged his finger into a light socket by mistake and that was the end of him" (Ch. 10) or that of his son, who was killed in a riding accident on the property. The evil of the hotel is a disembodied thing, but it has a clear objective - to destroy life by causing extreme pain and mental anguish and to acquire power. The violence of the hotel is introduced in Chapter 12 as the little family is getting a tour of the Presidential Suite on the third floor: "Great splashes of dried blood, flecked with tiny bits of grayish-white tissue, clotted the wallpaper.  

Developments In Cold Environments Sustainable Essay Example for Free

Developments In Cold Environments Sustainable Essay To what extent are more recent developments in cold environments sustainable ? Fishing can disrupt food chains. For example krill fishing in the southern ocean is depleting food supplies for whales and penguins. Overfishing of a species can severely deplete its population, sometimes beyond recovery. Overfishing of the patagonian toothfish in the Antarctic is currently a concern. Bottom trawling catches fish by dragging nets along the sea-bed. This disrupts the eco system by reducing light levels thought increasing turbidity and catches other species as well as the target one. Its carried out in the gull of Alaska, the greenland sea and the barents sea. Fishing quotes have been introduced to limit the number of fish caught and prevent overexploitation of the resource. Large cruise ships increase pollution in the areas from the ships and from the tourist. Tourists and tourism developments disrupt wildlife and damage habitats leading to reduced biodiversity. National parks have been set up to allow tourism whilst protecting the environment e.g. denali national park in Alaska was set up in 1917 and then expanded in 1980 to induce a greater area of land. Cars and private vehicles are banned from the park so visitor’s have to travel in park buses on approved routes. The most vulnerable parts of the park don’t have any roads at all. So the ground is protected from the damaging effects of vehicles. Oil spills can occur during transport of oil from the area. For example in 1989 there was a huge oil spill off the coast of Alaska when the exxon valdez oil tanker crashed. Over 40 million litres of oil spilled into the ocean and over 250 000 birds and fish were killed. Oil spills can occur if the pipelines leak between 1977 and 1994 there were on average 30 to 40 spills a year from the trans-alaska pipeline. Some of these were caused by intentional attacks and forest fires. Oil pipes have automatic shut off valves in order to minimis e oil spills if the pipelines are damaged.

A Clean Well-Lighted Place Essay -- A Clean Well Lighted Place Ernest

A Clean Well-Lighted Place A Clean, Well-Lighted Place by Ernest Hemingway looks at age from the viewpoint of an inexperienced and experienced individual, with the aid of an old man to emphasize the difference between the two. This story takes place late one night in a caf. The caf is clean, pleasant, and well lighted, which brings some kind of comfort to the atmosphere. Here in the caf sits a deaf, lonely, older man, who although is deaf can feel the difference that the night brings to the caf, a younger waiter, who believes people stay around the caf to make his life miserable, and a waiter who is a bit older and seems to understand that this place, the caf, is comforting. The older man spends his late nights in the caf, because at his home there is nobody, he is widowed. All he has is the comfort that the light inside the caf brings to him at night, and the appearance and thought of other human beings may bring him. The old man is under the care of his niece, who last week had to cut him down from his attem pting to commit suicide. Why did he attempt to kill himself? He was in despair. Stated one waiter, and I am assuming it is the younger waiter because he goes on to state that he was in despair over nothing because he has plenty money. Money would be the answer to any problem to an individual of youth because when one is younger he/she has not yet come to realize the importance of relationships. The older waiter shows us the importance of relationships by stating, Each night I am reluctant to close up because there may be some one who needs the caf. This appearing to mean that he knows that there are many lonely people in the world without relationships and no one to turn to in time of need or having some one to just be ... ...per meanings. Looking at my critical approach New historicism and comparing it with my piece A Clean Well-Lighted Place, only from the point of view of a new historicist without doing any additional research into the ties or times of the author I believe I have a well understanding of what it means to be a new historicist and how it applies to my piece that I have chose. I tend to think that knowing more about Hemingway and the life he led might give me a better understanding of his reasons for writing A Clean Well-Lighted Place. The meaning of Hemingways piece also will differ greatly across cultures and how it is a particular society looks at the differences in age and communication factors. . Work Cited Hemingway, Ernest. A Clean Well-Lighted Place Literature Reading and Writing The human Experience. Donna Erickson. New York: St. Martins press, 1998. 115

Caltron Inc

Over the past ten years the importance of accounting cannot be overemphasized, as we've seen our share of national scandals. In today's society accounting principles and standards are severely important in driving the formation of financial statements. Without principles and standards, financial reporting would not fairly present the financial position of a company. Accounting has changed and evolved vastly over time and continues to change.Because of this I am going to breakdown the way your financial reporting team has been recognizing revenue for the fourth quarter of the current year and assess the implications it may have on your financial statements. I will also take you through the process of how the accounting standards are created to give you a better understanding of what my conclusion is. Revenue Recognition Implications As you know Caltron Computers, Inc. s a publicly held company with a total market capitalization in excess of $450 million, and you have a proposed second ary public stock offering coming in early February 20X2. Therefore the auditors are concerned about the impact of these transactions and want to bring it to your attention before it misrepresents the reported earnings. Caltron reported net revenues from four transactions equal to $1,710,000 in Q4, while cash received only totaled $495,000.The quality of earnings issue surfaces and gives the auditors reasons to question the accounting methods and possibly their honesty and ethics. The company policy for recognizing revenue is when the products are shipped, and because of this, a potential issue has come about relating to some of the transactions. Typically revenues are earned when the earning process is complete and an exchange has taken place. Once this happens the risks of ownership are transferred to the buyer, unless an arrangement for the sale states otherwise.Collectibility of the sales price is questionable for three of these transactions. According to FASB, revenue generally is realized or realizable and earned when all of the following criteria are met: persuasive evidence of an arrangement exists, delivery has occurred or services have been rendered, the seller's price to the buyer is fixed or determinable, and collectibility is reasonably assured. (FASB, 2008) Now I will follow this with a breakdown of all the

My Internship At Future Perfect Ventures - 768 Words

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In his article, Kolac stresses the importance of treating one’s career like a â€Å"grand experiment† in order to develop a valuable career. My internship at FuturePerfect Ventures was certainly a â€Å"grand experiment† for me. While I was able to learn a lot about the financial industry, investing, and startups, I also I had to rely on the communications-related skills that I learned in my graduate classes and from previous internship experiences to help me because I was not interning for a communications team. Now that I’ve interned at FuturePerfect Ventures forShow MoreRelatedMy Experience At This Internship1561 Words   |  7 PagesAt this internship, I was able to learn many lessons. Those lessons can be applied to any field, but also give me a competitive edge when applying for jobs in the Venture Capital industry. 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